
Spivey's Unauthorized Biblical Timeline
a Scripture-centered journey through God's redemptive story from a historic perspective.

The New Creation - God Dwelling with His People
Now the dwelling of God is with men ...

Revelation 21 provides a shift in approach and presentation regarding the events occurring after the judgment and sentencing of humanity. God turn his attention to the rest of His creation and His message does not remove imagery, but it removes ambiguity. What was previously revealed through complex and often cryptic symbols is now presented in clear, stable, and understandable images that convey fulfillment rather than judgment.
Revelation progresses from symbolic revelation → to realized description
ALL THINGS MADE NEW
What is made new? These passages speak to a renewal of environment, habitat and relationship. Regarding environment, sin has stained the entire universe. Holy fire will purify the earth and all the universe. Regarding habitat, a new Jerusalem will come from heaven—the dwelling place of God (elsewhere associated with the highest or third heaven). Regarding relationship, believers will be a bride to Christ and within our glorified state, God will dwell with them.
Revelation 21:1 "Then I saw “a new heaven and a new earth,” for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and there was no longer any sea."
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"new" - in Greek "kainos" means "newness of kind". The Greek word "neos" is "newness in time". In other words, "kainos" is a new that is different than before, transformed or not a replacement with the same thing.
- Luke 22:20 "In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new [kainos] covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
- John 13:34 "A new [kainos] command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another.
- Ephesians 4:24 "and to put on the new [kainos] self, created to be like God in true righteousness and holiness."
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Why is everything made new?
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remove contamination of sin - creation has been corrupted by sin, subjected to decay, and is no longer pure; restoration of all things is a theme throughout the Holy Bible
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Isaiah 24:5 "The earth is defiled by its people; they have disobeyed the laws, violated the statutes and broken the everlasting covenant."
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Psalm 102:25-26 "25 In the beginning you laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands. 26 They will perish, but you remain; they will all wear out like a garment. Like clothing you will change them and they will be discarded."
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restored proximity - there is no longer any separation between humanity and God due to sin.
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Genesis 3:22-24 "22 And the Lord God said, “The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever.” 23 So the Lord God banished him from the Garden of Eden to work the ground from which he had been taken. 24 After he drove the man out, he placed on the east side of the Garden of Eden cherubim and a flaming sword flashing back and forth to guard the way to the tree of life."
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Ezekiel 37:27 "My dwelling place will be with them; I will be their God, and they will be my people."
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Revelation 21:3 "And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Look! God’s dwelling place is now among the people, and he will dwell with them. They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God."
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"heaven" - this is the second heaven referring to the universe outside of earth's atmosphere; see Heaven
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Isaiah 34:4 "All the stars in the sky will be dissolved and the heavens rolled up like a scroll; all the starry host will fall like withered leaves from the vine, like shriveled figs from the fig tree."
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"sea" - previously associated with instability and separation, is now simply absent. The text does not reinterpret it, but presents its physical removal as part of the complete renewal of creation.
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"new heaven and new earth" - entire created environment; creation has been awaiting redemption as if groaning. Much like the Flood Event of Noah did not destroy the earth, but transformed it, the fires of destruction will purify the heavens and earth.
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Isaiah 65:17 “See, I will create new heavens and a new earth. The former things will not be remembered, nor will they come to mind."
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Isaiah 66:22 “As the new heavens and the new earth that I make will endure before me,” declares the Lord, “so will your name and descendants endure."
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Matthew 24:35 "[The corrupted] Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away."
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Romans 8:19-22 "19 For the creation waits in eager expectation for the children of God to be revealed. 20 For the creation was subjected to frustration, not by its own choice, but by the will of the one who subjected it, in hope 21 that the creation itself will be liberated from its bondage to decay and brought into the freedom and glory of the children of God. 22 We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time."
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Ephesians 1:10 "8 ... With all wisdom and understanding, 9 he made known to us the mystery of his will according to his good pleasure, which he purposed in Christ, 10 to be put into effect when the times reach their fulfillment—to bring unity to all things in heaven and on earth under Christ.
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2 Peter 3:10-13 "10 But the day of the Lord will come like a thief. The heavens will disappear with a roar; the elements will be destroyed by fire [purification, not destruction], and the earth and everything done in it will be laid bare. 11 Since everything will be destroyed in this way, what kind of people ought you to be? You ought to live holy and godly lives 12 as you look forward to the day of God and speed its coming. That day will bring about the destruction of the heavens by fire, and the elements will melt in the heat. 13 But in keeping with his promise we are looking forward to a new heaven and a new earth, where righteousness dwells."
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Revelation 21:2 "I saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband."
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"the Holy City" - see the Holy City
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"bride"
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Commentary from John MacArthur (The New Heaven and the New Earth, Part 1 dated 01/08/1995)
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"Now in Jewish terms there were three parts to a wedding. First was betrothal. And what happened – that’s like an engagement, only it was real serious – families got together and they pledged the two young people to one another, and it was a binding contract, and it was signed and it was settled. And there was a period when the couple did not come together physically at all during the betrothal. It was followed by a period or event called the presentation. Presentation was when the bride was brought out and presented, the groom was brought out; and there was usually a week of feasting. The end of the week there was the ceremony. So you had the betrothal, the presentation, the ceremony; and after the ceremony was over you had the consummation."
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"It is that magnificent imagery that you see here. The betrothal took place in eternity past, when God wrote the names of His own beloved in the Lamb’s Book of Life from before the foundation of the world. The betrothal took place in eternity past, when God the Father pledged to give to the Son a redeemed humanity that He would choose. The presentation? The presentation occurred at the rapture of the church, when the bride was taken to be with the bridegroom. And for seven years there would be a wonderful feasting."
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"At the end of that period the ceremony takes place. You could liken the ceremony to the millennial kingdom – the great celebration, the final great feast as the bride and the groom are joined together. And it’s followed by the consummation, which would be like the eternal state."
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"So he says, “I saw the New Jerusalem coming down, and it’s made ready as a bride adorned for her husband. It’s time for the consummation.” Why does he describe the city that way? Because the city contained the bride, and so he sees it as the bride’s city."
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Revelation 21:3 "And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Look! God’s dwelling place is now among the people, and he will dwell with them. They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God."
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"God's dwelling place" - in Greek "skēnē theou) means "tabernacle of God"
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Acts 15:16 "“‘After this I will return and rebuild David’s fallen tent. Its ruins I will rebuild, and I will restore it,"
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"he will dwell with them" - in Greek "skéné" means "dwelling, tabernacle or tent". In Hebrew "shakan" means “to dwell, abide” and the word "mishkan" is derived from it to mean "tabernacle". It is the evidence of God's presence and is associated with the Holy Spirit.
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Leviticus 26:11-12 "11 I will put my dwelling place among you, and I will not abhor you. 12 I will walk among you and be your God, and you will be my people."
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Psalm 73:25-28 "25 Whom have I in heaven but you? And earth has nothing I desire besides you. 26 My flesh and my heart may fail, but God is the strength of my heart and my portion forever. 27 Those who are far from you will perish; you destroy all who are unfaithful to you. 28 But as for me, it is good to be near God. I have made the Sovereign Lord my refuge; I will tell of all your deeds."
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Psalm 102:25-28 "25 In the beginning you laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands. 26 They will perish, but you remain; they will all wear out like a garment. Like clothing you will change them and they will be discarded. 27 But you remain the same, and your years will never end. 28 The children of your servants will live in your presence; their descendants will be established before you.”
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John 14:1-4 "“Do not let your hearts be troubled. You believe in God; believe also in me. 2 My Father’s house has many rooms; if that were not so, would I have told you that I am going there to prepare a place for you? 3 And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am. 4 You know the way to the place where I am going.”
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Revelation 21:4-5 " ‘He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death’ or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away. He who was seated on the throne said, “I am making everything new!” Then he said, “Write this down, for these words are trustworthy and true.”
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"tears from their eyes"
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Isaiah 65:18-19 "17 "18 But be glad and rejoice forever in what I will create, for I will create Jerusalem to be a delight and its people a joy. 19 I will rejoice over Jerusalem and take delight in my people; the sound of weeping and of crying will be heard in it no more."
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"no more death" - sin is a disgrace; the removal of sin will remove death
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Ecclesiastes 3:19–20 ”Surely the fate of human beings is like that of the animals; the same fate awaits them both: As one dies, so dies the other. All have the same breath; humans have no advantage over animals. Everything is meaningless. 20 All go to the same place; all come from dust, and to dust all return."
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Isaiah 25:8 "he will swallow up death forever. The Sovereign Lord will wipe away the tears from all faces; he will remove his people’s disgrace from all the earth. The Lord has spoken."
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"old order of things has passed away"
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1 John 2:17 "The world and its desires pass away, but whoever does the will of God lives forever."
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THE FINAL CONFIRMATION OF SEPARATION
These verses echo the same categories and warnings found earlier, particularly in the Ekklesia letters. However, this is no longer a forward-looking exhortation, but a final confirmation. What was previously stated as a warning is now declared as reality—those who are victorious inherit all things, while those who reject God face the second death.
The promises given to those who overcome in these letters are ultimately fulfilled in Revelation 21, where the victorious inherit all things and dwell with God forever. (see The Ekklesia Letters)
Revelation 21:6 "He said to me: “It is done. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. To the thirsty I will give water without cost from the spring of the water of life."
- "It is done" - stated at the end of redemption and judgment
- Genesis 2:1–2 "Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array. 2 By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work."
- John 19:30 "When he had received the drink, Jesus said, “It is finished.” With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit."
- Revelation 16:17 "The seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air, and out of the temple came a loud voice from the throne, saying, “It is done!” "
- "Alpha and Omega" - see Alpha and Omega
- "Beginning and the End" - see First and Last
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Ecclesiastes 3:11 "He has made everything beautiful in its time. He has also set eternity in the human heart; yet no one can fathom what God has done from beginning to end."
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"spring of the living water" - associated with the life-giving presence of God, identified elsewhere with the Holy Spirit. This water flows from the throne of God and the Lamb and gives water to the Tree of Life.
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Jeremiah 2:13 "“My people have committed two sins: They have forsaken me, the spring of living water, and have dug their own cisterns, broken cisterns that cannot hold water."
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John 4:10-14 "10 Jesus answered her, “If you knew the gift of God and who it is that asks you for a drink, you would have asked him and he would have given you living water.” 11 “Sir,” the woman said, “you have nothing to draw with and the well is deep. Where can you get this living water? 12 Are you greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the well and drank from it himself, as did also his sons and his livestock?” 13 Jesus answered, “Everyone who drinks this water will be thirsty again, 14 but whoever drinks the water I give them will never thirst. Indeed, the water I give them will become in them a spring of water welling up to eternal life.”
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John 7:37-39 "37 On the last and greatest day of the festival, Jesus stood and said in a loud voice, “Let anyone who is thirsty come to me and drink. 38 Whoever believes in me, as Scripture has said, rivers of living water will flow from within them.” 39 By this he meant the Spirit, whom those who believed in him were later to receive. Up to that time the Spirit had not been given, since Jesus had not yet been glorified."
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Revelation 21:7 "Those who are victorious will inherit all this, and I will be their God and they will be my children."
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“victorious” — the same language used throughout the Ekklesia letters (“to the one who overcomes”), now fulfilled rather than anticipated (Revelation 2–3), where each promise was given to those who overcome.
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"inherit all this" - The promises once given—access to life, belonging to God, and eternal inheritance—are now realized in full.
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new heaven
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new earth
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new Jerusalem
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relationship with God
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no more death
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no mourning
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no crying
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no pain
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water of life
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These promises are no longer conditional exhortations but realized outcomes, confirming the final state of those who have overcome.
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"I will be their God"
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2 Samuel 7:8-16 "8 “Now then, tell my servant David, ‘This is what the Lord Almighty says: I took you from the pasture, from tending the flock, and appointed you ruler over my people Israel. 9 I have been with you wherever you have gone, and I have cut off all your enemies from before you. Now I will make your name great, like the names of the greatest men on earth. 10 And I will provide a place for my people Israel and will plant them so that they can have a home of their own and no longer be disturbed. Wicked people will not oppress them anymore, as they did at the beginning 11 and have done ever since the time I appointed leaders over my people Israel. I will also give you rest from all your enemies. “‘The Lord declares to you that the Lord himself will establish a house for you: 12 When your days are over and you rest with your ancestors, I will raise up your offspring to succeed you, your own flesh and blood, and I will establish his kingdom. 13 He is the one who will build a house for my Name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever. 14 I will be his father, and he will be my son. When he does wrong, I will punish him with a rod wielded by men, with floggings inflicted by human hands. 15 But my love will never be taken away from him, as I took it away from Saul, whom I removed from before you. 16 Your house and your kingdom will endure forever before me; your throne will be established forever.’ ”
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Revelation 21:8 "But the cowardly, the unbelieving, the vile, the murderers, the sexually immoral, those who practice magic arts, the idolaters and all liars—they will be consigned to the fiery lake of burning sulfur. This is the second death.”
This list mirrors the moral and spiritual conditions warned against throughout Revelation, now presented not as a call to repentance, but as the final identification of those outside of God’s kingdom:
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"cowardly" - in Greek "deilois" means a fear rooted in unbelief with no perseverance
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Joshua 1:9 "Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged, for the Lord your God will be with you wherever you go.”
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Matthew 10:28 "Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather, be afraid of the One who can destroy both soul and body in hell."
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Mark 4:40 "He said to his disciples, “Why are you so afraid? Do you still have no faith?”
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Hebrews 10:38–39 "38 And, “But my righteous[a] one will live by faith. And I take no pleasure in the one who shrinks back.” 39 But we do not belong to those who shrink back and are destroyed, but to those who have faith and are saved"
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Revelation 2:10 (Church of Smyrna) "Do not be afraid of what you are about to suffer. I tell you, the devil will put some of you in prison to test you, and you will suffer persecution for ten days. Be faithful, even to the point of death, and I will give you life as your victor’s crown."
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"the unbelieving" in Greek "apistois" means faithless or "a" = without, "pistis" = faith
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Mark 9:19 "“You unbelieving generation,” Jesus replied, “how long shall I stay with you? How long shall I put up with you? Bring the boy to me.”
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John 20:27 "Then he said to Thomas, “Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe.”
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"the vile" in Greek "ebdelugmenois" means to be disgusted by, to loathe like a stench because of their moral uncleanness; abominable
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Proverbs 6:16–19 "16 There are six things the Lord hates, seven that are detestable to him: 17 haughty eyes, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood, 18 a heart that devises wicked schemes, feet that are quick to rush into evil, 19 a false witness who pours out lies and a person who stirs up conflict in the community."
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Matthew 24:15 "“So when you see standing in the holy place ‘the abomination that causes desolation,’ spoken of through the prophet Daniel—let the reader understand—"
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Luke 16:15 "He said to them, “You are the ones who justify yourselves in the eyes of others, but God knows your hearts. What people value highly is detestable in God’s sight."
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Revelation 17:4–5 "The woman was dressed in purple and scarlet, and was glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls. She held a golden cup in her hand, filled with abominable things and the filth of her adulteries. 5 The name written on her forehead was a mystery: Babylon the great the mother of prostitutes, and of the abominations of the earth."
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"the murderers" - in Greek "phoneusin" means unjustified, intentional homicide
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Exodus 20:13 "“You shall not murder."
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John 8:44 "You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out your father’s desires. He was a murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of lies."
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Romans 13:9 "The commandments, “You shall not commit adultery,” “You shall not murder,” “You shall not steal,” “You shall not covet,” and whatever other command there may be, are summed up in this one command: “Love your neighbor as yourself.”
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1 John 3:15 "Whoever hates his brother is a murderer, and you know that no murderer has eternal life abiding in him."
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Revelation 6:3-4 "3 When the Lamb opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, “Come!” 4 Then another horse came out, a fiery red one. Its rider was given power to take peace from the earth and to make people kill each other. To him was given a large sword."
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"the sexually immoral" - in Greek "pornois" means fornicators, immoral people
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1 Corinthians 6:13-20 " 13 You say, “Food for the stomach and the stomach for food, and God will destroy them both.” The body, however, is not meant for sexual immorality but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body. 14 By his power God raised the Lord from the dead, and he will raise us also. 15 Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ himself? Shall I then take the members of Christ and unite them with a prostitute? Never! 16 Do you not know that he who unites himself with a prostitute is one with her in body? For it is said, “The two will become one flesh.” 17 But whoever is united with the Lord is one with him in spirit. 18 Flee from sexual immorality. All other sins a person commits are outside the body, but whoever sins sexually, sins against their own body. 19 Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; 20 you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.
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1 Thessalonians 4:3 "It is God’s will that you should be sanctified: that you should avoid sexual immorality;"
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"those who practice magic arts" - in Greek "pharmakois" means sorcerers, poisoner, pharmacist (drugs), occult and witchcraft.
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Deuteronomy 18:10–12 "10 Let no one be found among you who sacrifices their son or daughter in the fire, who practices divination or sorcery, interprets omens, engages in witchcraft, 11 or casts spells, or who is a medium or spiritist or who consults the dead. 12 Anyone who does these things is detestable to the Lord; because of these same detestable practices the Lord your God will drive out those nations before you."
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Galatians 5:19-21 "19 The acts of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery; 20 idolatry and witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions 21 and envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God."
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Revelation 9:21 "Nor did they repent of their murders, their magic arts, their sexual immorality or their thefts."
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Revelation 18:23 "The light of a lamp will never shine in you again. The voice of bridegroom and bride will never be heard in you again. Your merchants were the world’s important people. By your magic spell all the nations were led astray."
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"the idolaters" - in Greek "eidōlolatrais" means image worshipers. people who worship idols or false gods
- Exodus 20:3–5 "3 “You shall have no other gods before me. 4 “You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me,"
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Deuteronomy 27:15 "“Cursed is anyone who makes an idol—a thing detestable to the Lord, the work of skilled hands—and sets it up in secret.”
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Isaiah 44:9–11,20 "9 All who make idols are nothing, and the things they treasure are worthless. Those who would speak up for them are blind; they are ignorant, to their own shame. 10 Who shapes a god and casts an idol, which can profit nothing? 11 People who do that will be put to shame; such craftsmen are only human beings. Let them all come together and take their stand; they will be brought down to terror and shame.... 20 Such a person feeds on ashes; a deluded heart misleads him; he cannot save himself, or say, “Is not this thing in my right hand a lie?”
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Psalm 115:4–8 "4 But their idols are silver and gold, made by human hands. 5 They have mouths, but cannot speak, eyes, but cannot see. 6 They have ears, but cannot hear, noses, but cannot smell. 7 They have hands, but cannot feel, feet, but cannot walk, nor can they utter a sound with their throats. 8 Those who make them will be like them, and so will all who trust in them."
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Ephesians 5:5 "For of this you can be sure: No immoral, impure or greedy person—such a person is an idolater—has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God."
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"liars" - in Greek "pseudesin" means false, not true, wicked
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Exodus 20:16 “You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor."
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Deuteronomy 19:15 "One witness is not enough to convict anyone accused of any crime or offense they may have committed. A matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses."
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John 8:44 "You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out your father’s desires. He was a murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of lies.
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Acts 6:13 "They produced false witnesses, who testified, “This fellow never stops speaking against this holy place and against the law."
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2 Corinthians 4:2-6 "2 Rather, we have renounced secret and shameful ways; we do not use deception, nor do we distort the word of God. On the contrary, by setting forth the truth plainly we commend ourselves to everyone’s conscience in the sight of God. 3 And even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing. 4 The god of this age has blinded the minds of unbelievers, so that they cannot see the light of the gospel that displays the glory of Christ, who is the image of God. 5 For what we preach is not ourselves, but Jesus Christ as Lord, and ourselves as your servants for Jesus’ sake. 6 For God, who said, “Let light shine out of darkness,” made his light shine in our hearts to give us the light of the knowledge of God’s glory displayed in the face of Christ."
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The same voice that warned the churches now declares the outcome—what was once urged is now established, and the distinction between the faithful and the faithless is complete.
THE HOLY CITY — THE BRIDE

While the Bride is previously described as a prepared people (Revelation 19:7–9), she is now revealed as a city—revealing that the redeemed are not only a people, but a dwelling place prepared by God.
Why is the Bride now a city? Throughout Scripture, cities are not just locations—they represent the community gathered to inhabit them. A city can be described by the morality of its people.
"See how the faithful city has become a prostitute! She once was full of justice; righteousness used to dwell in her—but now murderers!" — Isaiah 1:21
"The great city split into three parts, and the cities of the nations collapsed. God remembered Babylon the Great and gave her the cup filled with the wine of the fury of his wrath." — Revelation 16:19
A bride speaks of relationship—covenant, love, and belonging. If God is to dwell with His people in a place He has prepared, then the city becomes the place of permanence, order, and dwelling. The union of a groom with his bride finds its fulfillment here, where God and His people dwell together.
In this section, relationship, community and city are revealed together.
"22 But you have come to Mount Zion, to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem. You have come to thousands upon thousands of angels in joyful assembly, 23 to the church (ekklesia) of the firstborn, whose names are written in heaven. You have come to God, the Judge of all, to the spirits of the righteous made perfect," — Hebrews 12:22–23
Revelation 21:9-11 "One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls full of the seven last plagues came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.” 10 And he carried me away in the Spirit to a mountain great and high, and showed me the Holy City, Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God. 11 It shone with the glory of God, and its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel, like a jasper, clear as crystal."
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"bride" - all of the redeemed people who are in covenant with God; This is where the identity of the people and the city are revealed as one.
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Ephesians 5:25-30 "25 Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her 26 to make her holy, cleansing her by the washing with water through the word, 27 and to present her to himself as a radiant church, without stain or wrinkle or any other blemish, but holy and blameless. 28 In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. 29 After all, no one ever hated their own body, but they feed and care for their body, just as Christ does the church— 30 for we are members of his body."
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"the Holy City, Jerusalem"
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Isaiah 52:1 "Awake, awake, Zion, clothe yourself with strength! Put on your garments of splendor, Jerusalem, the holy city. The uncircumcised and defiled will not enter you again."
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Nehemiah 11:1 "Now the leaders of the people settled in Jerusalem. The rest of the people cast lots to bring one out of every ten of them to live in Jerusalem, the holy city, while the remaining nine were to stay in their own towns."
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Daniel 9:24 “Seventy ‘sevens’ are decreed for your people and your holy city to finish transgression, to put an end to sin, to atone for wickedness, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal up vision and prophecy and to anoint the Most Holy Place."
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Matthew 4:5 "Then the devil took him to the holy city and had him stand on the highest point of the temple."
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Matthew 27:53 "They came out of the tombs after Jesus’ resurrection and went into the holy city and appeared to many people."
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Hebrews 11:10 "For he [Abraham[ was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God.
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Hebrews 12:22-24 "22 But you have come to Mount Zion, to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem. You have come to thousands upon thousands of angels in joyful assembly, 23 to the church of the firstborn, whose names are written in heaven. You have come to God, the Judge of all, to the spirits of the righteous made perfect, 24 to Jesus the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that speaks a better word than the blood of Abel."
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Hebrews 13:14 "For here [current Jerusalem] we do not have an enduring city, but we are looking for the city that is to come."
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Revelation 3:12 "The one who is victorious I will make a pillar in the temple of my God. Never again will they leave it. I will write on them the name of my God and the name of the city of my God, the new Jerusalem, which is coming down out of heaven from my God; and I will also write on them my new name."
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Revelation 11:2 "But exclude the outer court; do not measure it, because it has been given to the Gentiles. They will trample on the holy city for 42 months."
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"coming down out of heaven from God" - The city is not constructed by human effort, but prepared by God, just as the Bride was prepared—showing that both the people and the place are the result of His work.
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John 14:2-3 "2 My Father’s house has many rooms; if that were not so, would I have told you that I am going there to prepare a place for you? 3 And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am."
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Revelation 19:7 "Let us rejoice and be glad and give him glory! For the wedding of the Lamb has come,
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Revelation 21:2 "I saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband."
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"glory of God" - see The Light
The city is not replacing the Bride—it is revealing what the Bride has become when God’s work is complete. It is the final, visible form of that union.
DESIGN OF THE HOLY CITY

As the vision of the New Jerusalem unfolds, the description shifts from identity to structure—revealing a city that is not only glorious, but intentionally designed. Every measurement, material, and foundation is given with precision, showing that this is not symbolic abstraction but a real, constructed dwelling prepared by God Himself. The dimensions reflect order, completeness, and divine proportion, while the materials display purity, brilliance, and the unhindered transmission of God’s glory. What is revealed is not just a place, but a perfected environment where God’s presence is fully expressed and nothing obstructs His light.
The structure of the city reveals the unity of God’s redemptive plan across both covenants. The gates bear the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, showing that access into God’s kingdom comes through what He established in Israel. The foundations carry the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb, demonstrating that the city is built upon the completed revelation of Christ. Together, they form a single structure—promise and fulfillment, origin and completion—showing that what began through Israel is fulfilled and established through Christ and His apostles.
1. Structure (Gates + Foundations)
Revelation 21:12-14 "It had a great, high wall with twelve gates, and with twelve angels at the gates. On the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. 13 There were three gates on the east, three on the north, three on the south and three on the west. 14 The wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb."
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The gates represent the twelve tribes of Israel and the Old Testament. Gates allow people to enter and exit and the Abrahamic Covenant stated that all people will be blessed through him. According to scripture, God chose Israel to be a "holy nation" and a "kingdom of priests", serving as a light to the nations to reveal the one true God, showcase righteous living, uphold his laws, and bring forth the Messiah. Access to God is established through them and God honors them in His design.
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Genesis 12:3 "I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you."
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Genesis 22:18 "and through your offspring all nations on earth will be blessed, because you have obeyed me."
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Exodus 19:5-6 "5 Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my treasured possession. Although the whole earth is mine, 6 you[a] will be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words you are to speak to the Israelites.”
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Isaiah 49:6 "he says: “It is too small a thing for you to be my servant to restore the tribes of Jacob and bring back those of Israel I have kept. I will also make you a light for the Gentiles, that my salvation may reach to the ends of the earth.”
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Ezekiel 48:30-35 "30 “These will be the exits of the city: Beginning on the north side, which is 4,500 cubits long, 31 the gates of the city will be named after the tribes of Israel. The three gates on the north side will be the gate of Reuben, the gate of Judah and the gate of Levi. 32 “On the east side, which is 4,500 cubits long, will be three gates: the gate of Joseph, the gate of Benjamin and the gate of Dan. 33 “On the south side, which measures 4,500 cubits, will be three gates: the gate of Simeon, the gate of Issachar and the gate of Zebulun. 34 “On the west side, which is 4,500 cubits long, will be three gates: the gate of Gad, the gate of Asher and the gate of Naphtali. 35 “The distance all around will be 18,000 cubits. “And the name of the city from that time on will be: 'the LORD is there.' ”
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John 4:22 "You Samaritans worship what you do not know; we worship what we do know, for salvation is from the Jews."
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Romans 9:4-5 "4 the people of Israel. Theirs is the adoption to sonship; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. 5 Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of the Messiah, who is God over all, forever praised! Amen."
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The foundation and walls represent the twelve apostles of the Lamb and the New Testament. The walls are what is seen. They provide defense and structure. The foundation is typically unseen, but you can stand on a foundation as it supports all the weight of everything built on top of it. The true foundation is Jesus Christ and it is upon the confession by Peter that the ekklesia (assembly of believers) is built. The 12 apostles are honored by their faithful work and sacrifice for their faith.
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Isaiah 28:16 "So this is what the Sovereign Lord says: “See, I lay a stone in Zion, a tested stone, a precious cornerstone for a sure foundation; the one who relies on it will never be stricken with panic." (also 1 Peter 2:6)
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Matthew 7:24-25 "24 “Therefore everyone who hears these words of mine and puts them into practice is like a wise man who built his house on the rock. 25 The rain came down, the streams rose, and the winds blew and beat against that house; yet it did not fall, because it had its foundation on the rock."
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Matthew 16:15-18 "15 “But what about you?” he asked. “Who do you say I am?” 16 Simon Peter answered, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.” 17 Jesus replied, “Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven. 18 And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it."
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Acts 4:11 "Jesus is “‘the stone you builders rejected,which has become the cornerstone.’ " (also Psalm 118:22)
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Ephesians 2:19-20 "19 Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and strangers, but fellow citizens with God’s people and also members of his household, 20 built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the chief cornerstone."
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1 Corinthians 3:11 "For no one can lay any foundation other than the one already laid, which is Jesus Christ."
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2. Measurements (Size + Proportion)
Revelation 21:15-17 "The angel who talked with me had a measuring rod of gold to measure the city, its gates and its walls. The city was laid out like a square, as long as it was wide. He measured the city with the rod and found it to be 12,000 stadia in length, and as wide and high as it is long. 17 The angel measured the wall using human measurement, and it was 144 cubits thick."
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The city is measured by an angel, emphasizing that its design and structure originate from God rather than man.
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Isaiah 54:11-12 "11 “Afflicted city, lashed by storms and not comforted, I will rebuild you with stones of turquoise, your foundations with lapis lazuli. 12 I will make your battlements of rubies, your gates of sparkling jewels, and all your walls of precious stones."
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Hebrews 11:8-10 "8 By faith Abraham, when called to go to a place he would later receive as his inheritance, obeyed and went, even though he did not know where he was going. 9 By faith he made his home in the promised land like a stranger in a foreign country; he lived in tents, as did Isaac and Jacob, who were heirs with him of the same promise. 10 For he was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God."
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Note: The exact length of a cubit varies, and precise modern conversions are uncertain. The ratios presented here illustrate a possible proportional relationship between Ezekiel’s vision and Revelation’s description. While not definitive, they provide a helpful framework for understanding the scale and structure of the city. The similarities between Ezekiel’s vision and Revelation’s description suggest continuity in God’s design, pointing to a city that fulfills what was previously revealed in part.
3. Materials (Gold + Stones)
Revelation 21:18-21 "The wall was made of jasper, and the city of pure gold, as pure as glass. 19 The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone. The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third agate, the fourth emerald, 20 the fifth onyx, the sixth ruby, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth turquoise, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst. 21 The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate made of a single pearl. The great street of the city was of gold, as pure as transparent glass."
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"gold" - humanity sees gold are rare, and desired for it aesthetic and monetary values. Here gold is plentiful and transparent - serving a purpose that supports the array of divine light reflecting God's glory.
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"stones" - there is a connect to the High Priest breastpiece in Exodus 28, which contains these twelve stones. just as Jerusalem is close to God's heart, the breastpiece rests over the heart of the High Priest.
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Exodus 28:17-20 "17 Then mount four rows of precious stones on it. The first row shall be carnelian, chrysolite and beryl; 18 the second row shall be turquoise, lapis lazuli and emerald; 19 the third row shall be jacinth, agate and amethyst; 20 the fourth row shall be topaz, onyx and jasper. Mount them in gold filigree settings. 21 There are to be twelve stones, one for each of the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes."
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Cross Polarized Light - a technique using two polarizing filters oriented perpendicularly to each other in order to effectively blocks most light. This produces "pure light" which means it is light that cannot be further broken down into different hues. Shining pure light upon certain materials can produce certain results.
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Isotropic material - materials, when exposed to pure light, do not allow any colors to be seen. In essence, only black is seen.
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Anisotropic material - materials that can double refract light so that when exposed to pure light, all the colors of the visible spectrum are seen.
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THE 12 FOUNDATION STONES ARE ANISOTROPIC - MEANING GOD'S PURE LIGHT WILL PRODUCE ALL COLORS OF THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM. (see image below)
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"transparent" - Does not inhibit the light from God for illumination. No shame, darkness or hiddenness.
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Video - Pastor David Pawson

Israel and the Church are not competing structures—they are integrated into one eternal design.
The materials of the city are not arbitrary—they are intentional and deeply connected to the identity of the redeemed. The twelve foundation stones mirror the twelve stones worn by the High Priest, representing the people of God carried before Him. Now, those same people are no longer represented symbolically, but are permanently established as the very structure of the city. These stones do not merely reflect light—they refract it, displaying the fullness of God’s glory in a spectrum of brilliance. The redeemed are not only present in the city—they are the means through which the glory of God is revealed and expressed.
THE LIGHT — HIS GLORY
Revelation 21:22-27 "22 I did not see a temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple. 23 The city does not need the sun or the moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light, and the Lamb is its lamp. 24 The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the earth will bring their splendor into it. 25 On no day will its gates ever be shut, for there will be no night there. 26 The glory and honor of the nations will be brought into it. 27 Nothing impure will ever enter it, nor will anyone who does what is shameful or deceitful, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s book of life."
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"a temple" - the design and purpose of the earthly temples was to create a place where God could dwell among His people without consuming them. There were layers of separation in a controlled environment (Outer courts, Inner courts, Holy Place, Most Holy Place). It was also a place of mediation, atonement and repetitive sacrifice. Separation and death are gone. Now God dwells with his people in righteousness. The structure designed to contain God’s presence is no longer necessary, because His presence is fully revealed and experienced without barrier.
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Matthew 27:51 "At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth shook, the rocks split"
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1 Corinthians 3:16 "Don’t you know that you yourselves are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit dwells in your midst?"
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Ephesians 2:21–22 "21 In him the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord. 22 And in him you too are being built together to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit."
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"for the glory of God gives it light" - the visible manifestation of His presence—His holiness revealed in a way that can be seen, experienced, and, apart from atonement, cannot be endured. Any reference to in Hebrew "kabad YHWH" or the "glory of the Lord" denoting a sense of heavy Holiness to His presence that can overwhelm or consume those whose sin is not atoned for in some manner. While later rabbinical writings refer to this as the Shekinah, Scripture itself consistently describes it as the “glory of the Lord”—the manifest presence of God among His people.
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Exodus 40:35 "Moses could not enter the tent of meeting because the cloud had settled on it, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle."
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2 Chronicles 7:1 "When Solomon finished praying, fire came down from heaven and consumed the burnt offering and the sacrifices, and the glory of the Lord filled the temple."
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Psalm 104:2 "The Lord wraps himself in light as with a garment; he stretches out the heavens like a tent."
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Isaiah 60:19 "The sun will no more be your light by day, nor will the brightness of the moon shine on you, for the Lord will be your everlasting light, and your God will be your glory."
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Matthew 17:5 "While he was still speaking, a bright cloud covered them, and a voice from the cloud said, “This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased. Listen to him!”
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John 1:14 "The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth."
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1 Timothy 6:15-16 "15 which God will bring about in his own time—God, the blessed and only Ruler, the King of kings and Lord of lords, 16 who alone is immortal and who lives in unapproachable light, whom no one has seen or can see. To him be honor and might forever. Amen."
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2 Peter 1:17 "He received honor and glory from God the Father when the voice came to him from the Majestic Glory, saying, “This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased.”
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1 John 1:5-7 "5 This is the message we have heard from him and declare to you: God is light; in him there is no darkness at all. 6 If we claim to have fellowship with him and yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not live out the truth. 7 But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, purifies us from all sin."
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"the Lamb is its lamp"
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Numbers 8:2-3 "2 “Speak to Aaron and say to him, ‘When you set up the lamps, see that all seven light up the area in front of the lampstand.’” 3 Aaron did so; he set up the lamps so that they faced forward on the lampstand, just as the Lord commanded Moses."
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seven lamps - seven spirits of the Holy Spirit
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John 16:7 "But very truly I tell you, it is for your good that I am going away. Unless I go away, the Counselor [Holy Spirit] will not come to you; but if I go, I will send him to you."
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Psalm 119:105 "Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path."
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Matthew 5:14-16 "14 “You [Believers with Christ in them] are the light of the world. A town built on a hill cannot be hidden. 15 Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a bowl. Instead they put it on its stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house. 16 In the same way, let your light shine before others, that they may see your good deeds and glorify your Father in heaven."
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John 1:1-9 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was with God in the beginning. 3 Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made. 4 In him was life, and that life was the light of all mankind. 5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. 6 There was a man sent from God whose name was John. 7 He came as a witness to testify concerning that light, so that through him all might believe. 8 He himself was not the light; he came only as a witness to the light. 9 The true light that gives light to everyone was coming into the world."
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Great reference materials from:
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Margaret Mowczko (Shekinah: God’s Immanent Presence, 05/14/2022)
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Yaakov Brown (Revelation 21: New Heavens and a New Earth, 11/15/2015)
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